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Research questionHow can computer-use agents efficiently coordinate GUI and CLI actions over shared application state?Real computer work often combines visual interface inspection with command-line operations, yet agents commonly rely too heavily on one modality. This produces inefficient GUI trajectories or brittle scripts, while environments exposing both interfaces across real applications remain scarce.
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Latest papersRecent research connected to this question, newest first.CUA-Universe: A Scalable and Dynamic Environment for Hybrid GUI+CLI AgentsThe source presents CUA-Universe, which adapts real desktop software into reproducible virtual machines with GUI and CLI surfaces across 16 applications, synthesizes hybrid tasks, and collects verified trajectories. Reported results involve a 9B model evaluated on CUA-Verse, OSWorld, and OSWorld-MCP; broader deployment capabilities and access requirements are not specified.research paper · Sep 4, 2026
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