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Research questionIs rising political incivility across democracies driven by changing party behavior or shifts in party composition?Political rhetoric can become more aggressive either because parties change how they communicate or because more radically inclined parties gain prominence. Distinguishing these explanations is difficult when comparing incivility across countries and over time.
Natural Language Processing
Research Paper
Latest papersRecent research connected to this question, newest first.Elite political incivility is rising across democraciesThe evidence covers approximately 13.8 million tweets from parliamentarians in 26 countries between 2017 and 2022, classified for severe incivility using a validated large language model. It examines party-level populism, opposition status, liberal democracy, and behavioral versus compositional explanations; the findings are observational associations rather than causal estimates.research paper · Sep 2, 2026
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